Types of Lengthening

Types of Lengthening

*- Lengthening [Madd] ( مد ) literally means: increase. Technically, it means: lengthening of the sound with a letter of lengthening (madd) or of ease [leen] when it meets a hamzah or a sukoon. The letters of lengthening are three: alif, waaw and yaa. The letter preceding the waaw should carry a dhammah (madmoom) (u) ; and the letter preceding yaa should carry a kasrah (maksoor) (i). As for the alif whatever precedes it must carry a fataha (maftooh) (a). When the yaa and the waaw are non-vowelled, and the letter preceding them carries a fataha (a) (maftooh) then neither of them is a letter of lengthening; but are rather called letters of ease. 1/Original: The normal (original) lengthening madd tabee'i (asli) (المد الطبيعي ) is the one which is not followed by a hamz or sukoon. It is called normal because it follows the sound normal natural (tabee'i) way of pronunciation without any decrease or increase. It is held for two count. 1-a/At Stop and Continuation: There is lenghtening in connected speech [wasl] and on stop [ waqf], if the letter of lengthening is steady (thabit) in both connected speech and at stops, whether it occurs in medial position as in maalik ( مَالِكِ ) yusikum (يُوصِيكُمُ ) or in (initial or final) position as in (وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا). It is necessary in this kind of lengthening that neither a hamzha nor a sukoon follows the letter of lengthening. 1-b/In Connected Speech: The original or normal lengthening occurs at the stop related to the small connection (silah sughraa), that is a small waaw occurring after pronominal haa' ( ه ) with a dhammah (u) ; and a small yaa occurring after the pronominal haa with a kasrah (i). In order to connect the haa of al kinaayah (the attributive haa) with waaw or yaa, it must occur between two vowel letters. Example: inahu hawa (إِنَّهُ هُوَ) bihi basiran (بِهِ بَصِيرًا ) In this case, the waaw and yaa' are both lengthened to two counts ( on condition that no disjunctive hamzah (منفصل همز) occurs in another word ) in the case of connected speech. In the case of making a stop no lengthening occurs. 1-c/ At Stop: The Original or Normal lengthening at stops (waqf) occurs only, if the letter of lengthening is steady ( ثابت ) only in stops not in connected speech, as in the case of the Alifs which are substituted from nunnation (tanween) in the accusative case e.g. (عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا) by stopping on the alif of hakiman((وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَIn order to lengthen this alif, it should be separated from what follows. 2/Derived: Derived Madd (Madd Far'i) (الفرعي المد) is the lengthening added to the original lengthening for one reason or another. There are two reasons for the occurrence of derived lengthening the first is the hamzah and the second is te sukoon. 2-a/Connected Madd: Connected lengthening (Madd Muttasil) (المتصل المد), occurs when the lengthened letter of lengthening is followed by a conjunctive hamzah in one word. It is called connected lengthening because the letter of lengthening is connected with the hamzah in one single word. Connected lengthening is compulsory and is held for four or five, or six counts at a stop if it is made at the beginning or at the end of the word. 2-b/Separated Madd: Separated Lengthening (Madd Munfasil) (المنفصل المد) occurs when the letter of lengthening is followed by a hamzah separated from it in another word. It is called separated lengthening because the letter of lengthening is separated from the hamzah in another word Its rule is: the shortening of the lengthening to two counts, or extending it to four or five counts according to Hafs is optional. The rule of separated lengthening is applied to the great connection (الكبرى الصلة) (silah kubraa) (this is the small waaw occurring after the pronominal haa ( هـ ) with a dhammah /u/; and the small yaa' occurring after the pronominal haa with a kasrah (i) ( هـ ). The rule of separated lengthening is equally applied when a disjunctive hamzah occurs after the connecting waaw and the connecting yaa in another word in the case of connected speech. Yet in the case of a stop no lengthening occurs. 2-c/Exposed to Sukoon: The Exposed Lengthening (Madd Aridh) (العارض المد) occurs when the letter of lengthening and of ease are followed by a non-vowelled letter exposing it to a stop. It is called exposed because it exposes the last letter in the word to sukoon, because if the reader were to continue it would become an original lengthening (طبيعى مد). Three rules are optional in this case: Shortening two counts, moderation to four counts, and saturation to six counts Example: (الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ). The lengthening of ease that is the lengthening of the non- vowelled waaw and yaa with the precedent letter carrying (a) a dhammah in the case of a stop is similarly applied to the exposed lengthening. It is called as such because of the softness and ease with which it is pronounced. Example: (فَلْيَعْبُدُوا رَبَّ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ). 2-d/Substitute: Substitute Lengthening (Madd Badal) (البدل مد) occurs when the hamzah precedes a letter of lengthening provided that the letter of lengthening is not followed by a hamzah or a sukoon in the word. It is so called because the letter of lengthening is mostly a substitute of the hamzah. Originally substitution results from the convergence of two hamzahs in one word, the first is a vowel and the second non- vowelled. So the second hamza is substituted by a letter of lengthening similar in nature to the first vowel by way of lightening. If the first hamzah carries a fataha (a) ( مفتوح آمنوا ), which was originally ( ءأمنوا ). If the first hamzah carries a kasrah (i) maksur, then the second is substituted by a yaa such as ( إِيمَان ) which was originally ( إئمان ). If the first hamzah carries a dhammah (u) (madmum) then the second is substituted by a waaw, as ( أُوتُوا ) which originally was ( أؤتوا ). The rule here is: lengthening to two counts as in the case of normal lengthening. 2-e/Compulsory: The Compulsory Lengthening ( Mad Laazim اللازم المد) is when the letter of lengthening is followed by a compulsory sukoon both in connected speech and at stop, whether in a single word or a particle. It is called compulsory because it is necessarily and consistently lengthened to six counts. Compulsory Lengthening has its reason, which is the occurrence of sukoon in the case of connected speech and on stops. 2-e*1/Madd Laazim Harfi Muthaqqal: The Weighted Compulsory Lengthening in Letters (Madd Laazim Harfi Muthaqqal) (المد الحرفي المثقل ) occurs when the letter of lengthening is followed by an original sukoon on one of the letters of the alphabet provided that the letter is doubled ( تشديد ). It is called in letters (harfi) because the original sukoon occurs, after the letter of lengthening, on one of the letters of the alphabet in the openings of the Surahs. It is also called Muthaqqal, heavy because of the heaviness resulting from its doubled sukoon, with which it is pronounced. تشديد . Its rule is: compulsory lengthening to six counts. Example: (laam). 2-e*2/Maad Laazim Harfi Mukhaffaf: Lightened Compulsory Lengthening in Letters (Maad Laazim Harfi Mukhaffaf) (اللازم المخفف المد الحرفي) is when the letter of lengthening (madd) is followed by an original sukoon on one of the letters of the alphabet without doubling ( تشديد ). It is called lightened because of the ease,resulting from the absence of doubling and ghunnah [nasal twang], with which it is pronounced Example: the meem in الم . N.B. The letters of the alphabet which occur at the opening of the Surahs are fourteen letters grouped in the following words (صله سحيرا من قطعك  ). They are of four types. First: those pronounced as consisting of three letters the middle (second) of which, is a letter of lengthening (madd). This type has seven letters grouped in the words (كم عسل نقص) with the exception of the letter ayn ( ع ). This type is lengthened with saturation to six counts. Second: those pronounced as consisting of three letters with the letter of ease (حرف لين ) ayn ( ع ) occurring in the middle. This letter can either be lengthened with saturation to six counts or it can be moderately lengthened to four counts. Third: those pronounced as consisting of two letters, the second of which is a letter of lengthening. These are five letters grouped in ( حى طهر ). This group can be normally lengthened to two counts. Fourth: those pronounced as consisting of three letters without a letter of lengthening in the middle. It has one letter, which is the alif. 2-e*3/Maad Laazim Kalami Muthaqal: The Weighted Compulsory Lengthening in Words (Maad Laazim Kalami Muthaqal) (اللازم الكلمي المثقل المد)This occurs when the letter of lengthening (madd) is followed by a doubled letter in the word. The rule here is, the compulsory lengthening to six counts. It is called weighted because of the heaviness, resulting from the doubled sukoon with which it is pronounced, Example: the alif in the Qur'anic ayah (غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ). 2-e*4/Maad Laazim Kalami Mukhaffaf: The Lightened Compulsory Lengthening in Words (Maad Laazim Kalami Mukhaffaf) (اللازم الكلمي المخفف المد) when the letter of lengthening is followed by a non-vowelled letter (saakin) which is not doubled in a word. The rule here is the compulsory lengthening with six vowels. It is called in words (kalami) because the original sukoon occurs after the letter of lengthening in a word. It is called Lightened because of the lightness, resulting from the absence of doubling and ghunnah [nasal twang], with which it is pronounced. Example: ) الْآنَ ( occurring in two aayahs in Surah Yunis (51 and 91) يونس It occurs in no other aayahs in the Holy Qur'an.