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*- Each two letters which meet
in uttered words or in writing are divided into four types: Identical (mithlaan), proximities (mutaqaaribaan), similars (mutagaanisaan), and distanced (mutabaa'idaan), المتباعدان المتجانسان المتقاربان
المَثَلان The majority of scholars of Tajweed
(recitation) did not deal with distanced letters because the purpose of
this science is to teach others what must be and must not be assimilated;
and this does not occur in the case of the distanced letters N.B. The rule
of manifestation (Iz-haar) and assimilation (idghaam) (وإظْهَار إدْغَام)
of identical letters (mithlayn), proximities (mutaqaaribayn)
and similars (mutagaanisayn) is applied to the first but not to the second letter.
1/Identical Letters: The identical letters (mithlaan) the two letters with the same point of articulation (makhrag) and qualities (sifaat) such as
the two baas and the two taas.
1-a/Small: The small identical letters (mithlaan sagheer) are two letters, the first of which is non-vowelled and the second vowel (mutaharik). It is called small (sagheer) because the first letter is non-vowelled and the second is a vowel making it easy to assimilate
because of little effort in producing it. Its rule is: compulsory
assimilation, unless the first letter is a letter of lengthening in which
case manifestation (Iz-haar) (
إِظْهَار ) would be compulsory. Example: ( قَالُوا وَهُمْ ). If the first of them is a Haa of pausing (Haa skate)
then the rule is compulsory manifestation (Iz-haar) because of the necessary pause preventing
assimilation( هَلَكَ
عَنِّي سُلْطَانِيَهْ)
1-b/Great: The great identical letters (Mithlaan kabeer) (الكبير المثلان) consists of two vowel letters. It is
called kabeer because it is common and because the presence of a
vowel is more frequent than its absence (sukoon). The rule here is compulsory manifestation except in
the case of (تَأْمَنَّا) -in which case the rule is assimilation (idghaam) in addition to giving it the flavor of the u-sound (ishmaam) - which means keeping the two lips close to each other
in comparison to the first non-vowelled noon, in
the process of assimilation (idghaam) ; and
this indicates that originally the noon must carry a dhammah, because تأمننا
, but the noon was assimilated in the other noon and then becoming a
doubled noon
1-c/Absolute: The absolute mithlaan (المطلق المثلان) consists of two letters the first of
which is a vowel and the second is non-vowelled (saakin).
It is called absolute because it is free of restrictions to either the
small (sageer) or the great. Its rule is compulsory manifestation
according to all reciters of the Holy Qur'an. 2/Proximate Letters: The
Proximities: consists of two letters with the same point of articulation
and qualities; or in point of articulation but not in quality or in quality
but not in point of articulation.
2-a/Small: Small proximities (الصغير المتقاربان) consists of two letters, the first of which is non-vowelled and the second is a vowel. It is called small because
the first letter is non-vowelled and the second is a vowel Its rule is: manifestation
according to Hafs and others. In the case of the raa and laam assimilation is compulsory according to all reciters.
Examples: (بَلْ رَفَعَهُ
اللَّهُ) (وَقُلْ رَبِّي) except in (بَلْ رَانَ) in which case the rule is manifestation because Hafs' reading provided a pause preventing assimilation (idghaam). 2-b/Great: The great proximities, consists of two
vowel letters. It is called great because it occurs frequently and because
the presence of a vowel is more common than its absence Its rule is
compulsory manifestation.
2-c/Absolute: Absolute proximities (mutaqaribaan
mutlaq) consists of two letters the first of which is vowel
and the second is non-vowelled (saakin) It is called absolute because it is free of
restrictions to the small and the great. The rule is compulsory
manifestation.
3/Similar Letters: The similar letters (mutagaanisaan)
consists of two letters which have the same point of articulation but have
different qualities like the daal and the taa.
3-a/Small: The small similar letters (Mutagaanisaan
sageer) consists of two letters the first of which is non-vowelled (saakin) and the second a vowel. It is called small because the
first letter is not vowelled (saakin) and the second is a vowel. The rule is manifestation
except in six cases in which assimilation is compulsory:
1- The baa: which is followed by meem, e.g. (ارْكَبْ مَعَنَا).
2. The taa: which
is followed by a daal, e.g. (أَثْقَلَتْ دَعَوَا).
3. The taa: which is followed by taa (
ط ), e.g. (إِذْ هَمَّتْ طَائِفَتَانِ).
4. The thaa: which is followed by dhaal (
ذ ), e.g. (يَلْهَثْ ذَلِكَ ).
5. The daal: which is followed by taa (
ت ),e.g. (وَمَهَّدْتُ ).
6. The dhaal (
ذ ) followed by thaa ( ظ ), e.g. (إِذْ ظَلَمْتُمْ). As for the taa ( ط ) followed by taa ( ت ), e.g. (أَحَطتُ ) the rule is incomplete assimilation ( idghaam naaqis) by consensus.
3-b/Great: The great similar letters (Mutagaanisaan
kabeer) consists of two vowelled letters.
It is called great because of its frequent occurrence and because the
presence of a vowel is more frequent than the sukoon. The rule here is compulsory manifestation.
3-c/Absolute: The absolutely similar letters (mutagaanisaan mutlaq) consists of two letters the first of which is vowel
and the second is non-vowelled. It is called absolute because it is not restricted by
the rules of the small and great. Its rule is compulsory manifestation.
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